8 Steps On How to Install a Solar Panel

Solar panels, often composed of photovoltaic cells, are devices designed to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. The installation process of solar panels, while requiring a careful approach, is fairly straightforward. It involves selecting a suitable location, mounting the solar panels, connecting the wires, inverter, and battery, the system, and testing the system once live. The best spot for installing solar panels is generally a south-facing roof with little to no shade, as this location receives the most sunlight throughout the day. However, the exact placement varies depending on geographical location and individual circumstances.

In addition to location considerations, other key factors in solar panel installation include the angle of tilt, proper mounting, and efficient wiring. The tilt angle should ideally match the latitude of the location for optimal sunlight exposure all year round. The mounting process requires a sturdy and secure setup, often on rooftops, to withstand extreme weather conditions. Lastly, wiring connections need to be handled with utmost care for safety and efficiency, connecting the panels to an inverter that transforms the generated solar power into a usable form for household appliances or to be sent back to the grid.

Below are the eight main steps of the solar panel installation process.

1. Set up the framework for the panels
2. Install solar panel mounts securely.
3. Place the solar panels onto the mounts.
4. Connect the solar panel wires.
5. Install the solar inverter.
6. Connect the solar inverter and the solar battery.
7. Connect the inverter to the power supply.
8. Start and test the solar panels.

1. Set up a Framework

Setting up the framework using solar panel mounts is the first step when installing a solar panel. Begin by determining the correct angle and position for maximum exposure to sunlight. The perfect angle for a rooftop solar setup depends largely on your geographical location. In the northern hemisphere, solar panels should face true south, and in the southern hemisphere, they should face true north. As a rule of thumb, if your latitude is below 25 degrees, the panel should be tilted at the same angle as your latitude. This positioning ensures optimal exposure to the Sun throughout the day and across different seasons, resulting in efficient energy production.

For residents in the United States, the optimal tilt angle for solar panels is typically between 30-45 degrees, facing true south. This angle and direction consider the country's location in the northern hemisphere, aiming to maximize exposure to sunlight and optimize energy production. It's important to remember that these figures serve as a general guideline, and actual optimal angles often vary based on specific geographical locations and roof angles. Additionally, remember that any shading on the panels significantly reduces their energy output, so always opt for a spot with clear, unobstructed access to sunlight.

2. Install Solar Panel Mounts

Solar panel mounts are the equipment used to secure solar modules to a roof or the ground. Solar panel mounts, or racking, consist of three essential components: roof attachments (for roof-mounted panels), module clamps, and mounting rails. Each component plays an important role in how the structure supports your solar panels. Mounts for solar panels should be lightweight and adjustable, especially those that allow the solar modules to track the sun. A tracker is a solar panel mount that moves along with the sun. Trackers ensure that solar installations run as efficiently as possible.

Once you've found the perfect spot to mount your panels, carefully drill holes into the roof rafters and secure the solar panel mounts with steel bolts. Sealants or flashing should be used between the mounting brackets and the roof shingles to make these holes watertight. Flashing is a metal sheet, usually made from steel, copper, or aluminum, and is used to create an extra waterproof barrier on roofing projects.

When placing solar panel mounts, leave a gap between the solar panel mounts and the edge of the roof, as well as between the mounts themselves. Allow at least 10 to 15cm of space between two solar panels. The distance between the last row of solar panels and the edge of the roof should be at least 30cm. Solar panel materials expand as they heat up, and these gaps should allow space to accommodate solar panel expansion.

There are several options for ground-mounted solar panels, depending on their size and location. The most common is a fixed ground mount, where the panels are attached to a frame anchored to the ground. Another option is a tracking mount, which follows the path of the sun throughout the day to maximize exposure. A third option is a portable mount, which is moved around to optimize panel exposure. Standard ground-mounted solar systems are fixed using concrete. They use a concrete pier foundation or ballasted system. Pole-mounted solar systems use driven piers or helical piles, whereby large metal poles are driven deep into the ground. Once the solar mounts are in place, the next step is to secure the modules to the mounts.

3. Place the Solar Panels

Place the solar panels onto the mounts using mounting clamps. Make sure the mounts are securely in place. Photovoltaic (PV) module clamps are designed to hold the solar panels (modules) in place on the rails. Solar module clamps are often made from an aluminum alloy, which provides strength and durability. Remember, the required module clamp is determined by the mounting rails, not the solar panels. Solar module clamps are generally designed for use with all standard solar panels.

Take care when placing solar panels onto the mounts. PV modules range in size and weight, but lifting heavy equipment always poses a safety risk. With the proper equipment, solar panels and associated equipment are easily moved around. Before installing solar panels on a roof, you must determine how you will move the materials and equipment around. If possible, use a forklift or a hoist to lift equipment to the level you need. After the solar modules are safely attached to the mounting system, they are ready to be connected electrically.

4. Connect the Solar Panel Wires

Once the string size has been determined, solar panels are wired. Wiring solar panels is known as stringing. When designing a solar PV system, it is sometimes confusing to calculate how many solar panels are connected in series. This calculation is referred to as the solar system’s string size. Stringing a solar array successfully requires an understanding of how various configurations affect its performance. The array’s voltage should not exceed the maximum output of the inverter. Doing so could damage the inverter and even reduce its lifespan.

Conversely, if a solar array’s voltage falls below the minimum voltage requirements for the inverter, the output will be limited, which could prevent the inverter from kicking in. A PV start-up voltage is the minimum voltage at which an inverter draws power from the array before starting up. The PV start-up voltage, as well as its minimum and maximum output, is often found on the inverter datasheet.

Solar panels are wired either in parallel or in series. In parallel wiring, the positive terminals of one solar panel are connected to the positive terminals of another, and the negative terminals are connected. Stringing solar panels in series involves connecting the positive terminal of one solar panel to the negative terminal of the next. When wiring solar panels, remember that series wiring will increase voltage, while parallel wiring will increase current.

5. Install Solar Inverter

After connecting solar panel wires, the solar inverter is installed. The solar inverter plays an essential role in any photovoltaic system. Its primary function is to convert the direct current (DC) produced by the solar panels into alternating current (AC). AC is the type of electricity typically used to power homes and businesses, making it compatible with the electrical grid and most electrical household appliances.

Certain precautions should be followed when installing a solar inverter to ensure its optimal performance, long life, and warranty preservation. Firstly, avoid placing the inverter in direct sunlight, as this negatively impacts its performance. Secondly, the inverter requires adequate ventilation to prevent overheating.

Furthermore, the inverter must be shielded from extreme weather conditions, protecting it against potential damage. Regular maintenance is crucial, so position the inverter to facilitate easy access for routine checks. Lastly, to ensure sufficient airflow and prevent overheating, leave about 15cm of free space on all sides of the inverter. By adhering to these guidelines during solar inverter installation, you maximize the efficiency and longevity of your system.

6. Connect the Solar Inverter and the Solar Battery

Connecting the solar inverter and solar battery is the next part of the solar system installation process. Firstly, ensure the solar inverter and battery are both switched off to prevent electric shocks. Next, locate the battery terminals on your solar inverter. Each should be marked as either negative (-) or positive (+). On your solar battery, identify the positive and negative ports. Now, connect a battery cable from the positive terminal of the battery to the positive battery terminal on the inverter. A red cable is often used to denote positive connections. Repeat this step for the negative terminal, typically connected by a black cable. Ensure the connections are secure and tight for optimal energy transfer.

Once the physical connections are established, switch on the solar battery first, followed by the solar inverter. Check the inverter display to confirm it recognizes the battery and indicates the correct battery voltage. The battery voltage is found in the instruction manual included with the battery.

Once the solar inverter and solar battery have been successfully connected, your solar system is one step closer to being fully operational. Remember, safety must be prioritized throughout this process. If you are unsure or uncomfortable performing these tasks, hiring a professional electrician is highly recommended.

7. Connect the Inverter to the Power Supply

The final step before switching on your solar system is connecting the inverter to the power supply. This process is vital as it enables the transformation of the direct current (DC) power generated by your solar panels into AC power that is used to run your household appliances.

To connect your solar inverter to the power supply, begin by locating the main cable that comes with your inverter. This cable should be connected to the inverter's AC output. The other end of this cable must then be connected to your home's distribution box.

Ensure the circuit breakers in both the distribution box and the solar inverter are switched off before making these connections. Then, turn on the mains power and solar inverter once the cables are safely connected. This completes the installation of the solar system. This connection allows the solar power system to supply electricity to a household and, in some cases, export surplus energy to the grid.

8. Start and Test the Solar Panels

Once the solar system is installed, the final step is to test its functionality. The first step in testing your solar system is to turn on the mains switch. After switching on your solar system, begin by testing the current using a digital multimeter. Connect the multimeter's positive lead to the positive terminal of your solar panel and the negative lead to the negative terminal, aiming for a reading close to the short-circuit current specified on the panel.

Most household appliances require 12 volts to run, so bear this in mind when checking the output of your solar system. Next, a safety check is performed to inspect all connections and wiring for proper solar installation, ensuring there are no exposed wires or damage to the panels. Seek professional help if any issues are detected.

After testing the current using a digital multimeter and conducting a safety inspection, it's important to check the functionality of your solar system's battery. If your system includes a solar charge controller, this device gives you valuable information about the electricity production from your solar panel and the current output.

The solar charge controller monitors the amount of electricity generated by the solar panels. It regulates the current flowing from the solar panel into the battery, preventing overcharging. By checking the readouts on your solar charge controller, you get to verify whether your system is producing the expected amount of electricity and if the current output is within the acceptable range. Any discrepancies could indicate a problem with the solar panels, the charge controller, or the battery itself.

What are the things to consider when installing a solar panel?

To safely install a solar panel, follow this checklist of 6 key solar installation considerations.

• Location: Choosing the right location for solar panel installation is crucial. Given that many solar panels are typically installed on rooftops, it's essential to find a spot with easy rooftop access. The orientation is a key factor when setting up solar panels. In the U.S., the sun's direction varies depending on your location, but generally, south-facing solar panels are advantageous for optimal energy production. However, west-facing panels are effective in some regions. Additionally, the angle of the panels ideally needs to be set perpendicular to the sun's rays to maximize efficiency.
• Accessibility: Ensure solar panels are installed in an accessible place. Solar panels need to be accessed for maintenance and repairs. Obstacles like trees or fences need to be considered before installation begins. Where possible, solar panels should be placed in an area free from dust and debris. This will help minimize maintenance requirements.
• Budget: When budgeting for solar panel installation, be sure to get quotes from several contractors to get a sense of the overall cost. Consider any additional costs associated with solar panel installation, such as permits or inspections. Researching and planning ensure your solar panel installation is within your budget.
• Equipment: You'll need to gather the proper equipment for solar panel installation. The necessary equipment varies depending on the solar system being installed. Solar panel installation equipment generally includes solar modules, inverters, solar panel mounts, and wires, as well as the tools required to install them.
• Materials: Scaffolding and framework materials are necessary to provide a safe and secure structure for solar panels. Without these materials, solar panels would remain untethered, which could pose a serious safety hazard. For solar panel frameworks, steel or aluminum are typically used, depending on the specific requirements of the project.
• Safety: To ensure safety during solar panel installation, it's essential to adhere to electrical safety protocols and hire qualified professionals who use insulated gear to prevent accidents. When installing a solar system, fall protection is critical, especially on rooftops, requiring the use of harnesses and secure anchors to mitigate fall risks. In addition, proper handling of panels is important to avoid injuries, and correct lifting techniques and tools are needed for safe transportation and installation. When it comes to weather conditions, it is advisable to perform the installation when the weather is mild, as adverse events like high winds and lightning significantly increase dangers. Lastly, the correct and well-maintained tools are crucial to prevent mishaps, and a keen awareness of fire risks (which involves quick access to fire extinguishers and knowledge of electrical shutoffs) ensures preparedness for emergencies.

How much does installing a solar panel cost?

The cost of installing a solar panel system in the United States varies widely, reflecting the diversity of options available to homeowners and businesses alike. As of 2024, the cost of installing solar panels ranges from $6,600 to $22,800, for a system of between 6kW to 12kW. This range includes both the cost of the solar panels themselves, which account for $5,400 to $18,000, and the installation costs, which add $2,200 to $4,800. This suggests that installation represents about 25% of total solar panel costs.

The type of mounting system chosen for the solar panels is an essential factor that influences the cost of the installation. Starting with fixed mounts, they offer a straightforward and economical choice at $10 to $15 each, ideal for locations with consistent sunlight. Next, adjustable mounts, priced at $50 each, provide the versatility to alter panel orientation to capture optimal sunlight, beneficial in areas where the sun's position changes seasonally.

Lastly, tracking mounts, the most advanced option, automatically adjust to follow the sun's trajectory, enhancing energy production by up to 45%. However, this technology comes at a premium, costing between $500 and $3,000 each, reflecting its superior efficiency and potential for higher energy yield.

How to Clean Solar Panels?

To clean solar panels, use water, a soft brush or cloth, and detergent or soap to gently scrub the surface of the panels. Avoid heavy-duty detergents, window cleaners, or water repellents like Rain-X, which risk damaging the reflective coatings on solar panels. An extension pole typically comes in handy to reach the solar panels safely. Regular rain is sometimes enough to keep solar panels reasonably clean. However, there is the potential for dust and debris to build up on solar panel surfaces over time, reducing their efficiency over time. A biannual cleaning helps solar panels function at their best.

The six main steps of effective solar panel cleaning include checking manufacturer instructions, wearing PPE, switching off the panels, removing debris, spraying the panels with water, and finally, scrubbing any stubborn areas. Solar panels need to be cleaned for two main reasons. Firstly, dirt and debris tend to build up on the panels, blocking sunlight from reaching the photovoltaic cells. This reduces the power output of photovoltaic panels by up to 30 percent in some cases. Dust and debris pose a major problem for solar energy systems in harsh American climates, where drought is a regular occurrence. Secondly, rain and snow often remove dirt and debris, but this often leaves a film on solar panels that reduces their output.

Solar panel maintenance generally requires little effort, although cleaning the panels at least twice a year helps keep maintenance needs low.

Below is a step-by-step version of the six steps to follow when it comes to cleaning and maintaining solar panels.

1. Check the manufacturer's instructions: Solar panels have different requirements, so check the guides from your manufacturer to ensure correct solar panel maintenance. Check the manufacturer's instructions before undertaking any DIY cleaning.
2. Make sure you wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Cleaning solar panels puts users at risk of falling from heights, tripping over equipment, and electric shock. Always wear a hard hat and rubber-soled boots. A safety harness is recommended to prevent falls. Where solar panels are fixed to a ground-floor roof, it is better to clean them using extendable tools, rather than up on the roof.
3. Switch off the solar panels: Electrical equipment and water do not mix, so turn them off before cleaning them so they are not active.
4. Remove dirt and dust: Using a soft-bristled brush, remove debris from solar panels. Ensure to do this before using water, as water mixed with dirt creates a paste that is hard to remove.
5. Spray the panels with water: Using low-pressure water from a garden hose, gently remove any remaining visible dirt from the solar panels. High-pressure water risks cracking solar panels and should be avoided where possible.
6. Scrub problematic areas gently: Stubborn dirt on solar panels is easily removable if you use a soft-bristled brush and water. Apply the brush in gentle, circular motions, as hard scrubbing often causes light damage to the surface of solar panels.

After following these steps, any remaining dirty patches are removed by applying a diluted solution of water, dish soap, and white vinegar. This needs to be done with caution, as dish soap leaves behind a residue or film that attracts more dust. Once you are sure the solar panels are clean and dry, check the output to measure the impact of maintenance.

How are solar panels maintained?

Solar panels are best maintained by occasionally checking them for signs of wear and tear, ensuring debris does not build up on the panels, and inspecting inverters to ensure they are working properly. Whilst solar panels don’t need much maintenance, a semiregular inspection ensures the health of your photovoltaic (PV) system over time.

Follow these four key steps to maintain solar panels and ensure their longevity and efficiency.

1. Regularly inspect the inverter: Firstly, regularly inspect the inverter's LED indicators to assess the system's status. A green light typically means the system is functioning correctly, while flashing lights, red lights, or no light signals a problem. Familiarize yourself with the operating manual's guidelines to understand these signals, and if any issues arise, promptly contact a solar technician for expert advice.
2. Keep panels clear of shade: Secondly, ensure that solar panels are always clear of shade, as shaded panels do not operate at their full capacity. Over time, trees and other vegetation often grow to cover your panels, so it's important to keep any potential obstructions well-trimmed. This guarantees maximum sunlight exposure, crucial for optimal energy production.
3. Clean the panel: Thirdly, clean the panels of any debris, such as leaves, dust, and bird droppings, which tend to accumulate on the surface and hinder their efficiency. Use a soft brush or cloth and, if necessary, mild soapy water to gently clean the panels. Avoid harsh cleaning materials that often scratch or damage the panels.
4. Consider professional cleaning: Lastly, consider hiring a professional solar panel cleaning company if you cannot maintain the panels yourself or if your system requires more thorough cleaning.

How to make a framework for solar panels?

In the context of solar energy, a framework typically refers to the structural support system used to mount solar panels. Following the principles of proper solar panel mounting is crucial for the optimal performance of a solar panel system. Below are the seven main steps to create a sturdy and efficient framework for your solar panels.

1. Identifying a Suitable Location: Firstly, you need to pinpoint the optimal location for your solar panel installation. A south-facing space on your rooftop is ideal in the Northern Hemisphere, ensuring maximum electricity generation throughout the year.
2. Choosing the Mount: Next, evaluate whether roof-mounted or ground-mounted solar panels will be most beneficial for your specific circumstances.
3. Calculating Latitude Tilt: Your solar panels must be tilted to face the sun's rays directly for optimal output. This tilt, known as the latitude tilt, involves determining the angle between the solar panel and the rooftop, typically tilting the panels between 30 to 45 degrees from the surface.
4. Installing Mounts on Rafters: The mounts should be positioned approximately 3 feet apart and on top of the rafters. Locate the rafters using a stud finder or housing blueprints.
5. Drilling and Fastening: Drill holes into the rafters with care to avoid splitting, these holes will secure the steel bolts that hold the solar panel mounts to the roof. After drilling, fasten the mounts using steel bolts, ensuring the surrounding area is sealed to maintain an airtight thermal envelope between the house and the exterior.
6. Attaching Solar Panels: Attach your solar panels to the mounts using their built-in panel-to-mount interface. Make sure the panels are elevated at least 3 inches from the roof to encourage airflow, helping the panels operate at peak efficiency.
7. Connecting to the Grid: Finally, once the solar panels are securely mounted, they are connected to the main electrical grid to begin harvesting sunlight. A licensed electrician should ideally perform this connection process to ensure safety.

Can you install a solar panel alone?

Yes, it is possible to install a solar panel alone, although it is always recommended you pay for a trained professional to do the job. Installing solar panels is complex and dangerous without the necessary expertise and equipment. The most attractive reason for DIY solar panel installation is the savings. The average cost to install solar panels per watt ranges between $0.90 and $1.50 per watt and an additional 25% for the installation. As a result, you’ll end up paying between $1.10 and $1.90 per watt in total. All in all, the upfront cost of solar panel systems is high, so some customers with technical knowledge or experience choose to install the panels themselves.

To safely install solar panels alone, the following steps must be taken.

1. Research the equipment and tools needed. Tools needed for DIY solar panel installation include a saw, multimeter, drill, pry bar, and wire cutters, among others. Speak with a professional to ensure you have everything you need before beginning the installation.
2. Ensure your safety by wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). The minimum PPE you should wear includes hard hats, gloves, and steel-toe-capped shoes with rubber soles. A safety harness is sometimes required. Remember, installing solar panels involves working at heights, as well as working with electrical equipment. Therefore, extra caution is necessary.
3. Plan your electrical wiring run, ground your system, and install a back feed breaker (for grid-connected systems). The specifics of wiring your solar installation vary depending on the type of system you're installing.
4. Mount the solar panels. Modules for a rooftop solar system are mounted using roof rafters, roof attachments, and rails. Once these are secured, the solar panels should be attached. A ground-mounted solar panel installation requires a foundation, racking railings, and panels mounted on the rails.

As with any large project, installing solar panels yourself carries a considerable risk of injury. It is always better to have someone with you in case of a fall or other trauma. Never attempt to install solar panels alone unless you are a professional or have significant experience. Incorrectly installed solar panels often invalidate warranties or insurance, so always check your policies before a DIY installation.

Is it easy to install solar panels?

Yes, with the correct tools and experience, it is relatively easy to install solar panels. However, it is important to note that solar panel installation requires specific knowledge and experience to ensure the panels are properly installed. It is recommended that someone with expertise or experience be present when attempting a DIY installation, as incorrectly installed solar panels often invalidate warranties or insurance policies, and often pose a risk to people and buildings. Additionally, larger projects, such as installing a full solar system, will require additional tools and safety measures.

Is it expensive to own a solar panel?

Yes, solar is expensive in the short term due to upfront costs of up to $23,000, but typically, the investment is recouped within 6-10 years. After this payback period, the solar panel system produces electricity virtually for free, justifying the long-term investment.

Owning solar panels in the United States comes with both initial expenses and long-term savings. The cost of a solar system varies, but for an average system ranging from 6kW to 12kW, expect to spend between $5,400 and $18,000. When factoring in installation, this range increases to a range that goes from $6,600 to $22,800.

The good news is that eligible residential solar systems purchased through 2032 qualify for a 30% federal solar tax credit, providing a significant financial incentive. So, while the upfront investment is steep, the federal tax credit and eventual energy savings make solar panels a more affordable and environmentally friendly option over time.